室外杀虫灯(deng)灯(deng)光诱虫的原理？

1、灯光(guang)诱虫的原理

成语“飞蛾扑火”形象描(miao)述了(le)昆虫(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)趋光性(xing)。灯(deng)光诱虫(chong)(chong)(chong)技术就是利用(yong)生物的(de)趋光性(xing)诱集并消灭害(hai)(hai)虫(chong)(chong)(chong)，从(cong)而防(fang)治虫(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)和(he)虫(chong)(chong)(chong)媒病(bing)害(hai)(hai)。灯(deng)光诱虫(chong)(chong)(chong)专门诱杀害(hai)(hai)虫(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)成虫(chong)(chong)(chong)，降低(di)害(hai)(hai)虫(chong)(chong)(chong)基数(shu)，使害(hai)(hai)虫(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)密度(du)和(he)落卵(luan)量(liang)大幅度(du)降低(di)，从(cong)而减(jian)轻和(he)避免害(hai)(hai)虫(chong)(chong)(chong)对人、对农(nong)作(zuo)物的(de)直(zhi)接危害(hai)(hai)或传播病(bing)害(hai)(hai)。各种病(bing)虫(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)都有一定(ding)的(de)防(fang)治标准，当病(bing)虫(chong)(chong)(chong)指数(shu)在防(fang)治标准以下(xia)则无需(xu)用(yong)农(nong)药防(fang)治。

关(guan)于(yu)少(shao)数杀(sha)(sha)(sha)虫(chong)(chong)(chong)灯生产企(qi)业产品介(jie)绍中(zhong)的(de)(de)说(shuo)法：“杀(sha)(sha)(sha)虫(chong)(chong)(chong)机理(li)是(shi)运(yun)用光、波(bo)、色(se)(se)(se)(se)、味四种(zhong)诱(you)杀(sha)(sha)(sha)方式杀(sha)(sha)(sha)灭(mie)(mie)害虫(chong)(chong)(chong)。”“近距离用光，远距离用波(bo)，黄色(se)(se)(se)(se)光源，性信息(xi)等原理(li)设计(ji)”，是(shi)不科学、不准确的(de)(de)！不是(shi)故弄(nong)悬虚，就是(shi)缺(que)少(shao)基(ji)础(chu)物理(li)知识！“光、波(bo)、色(se)(se)(se)(se)”实质(zhi)都(dou)是(shi)波(bo)，光和色(se)(se)(se)(se)都(dou)是(shi)波(bo)在不同(tong)振(zhen)动(dong)频率时的(de)(de)表(biao)现，不同(tong)的(de)(de)色(se)(se)(se)(se)也都(dou)是(shi)不同(tong)振(zhen)动(dong)频率的(de)(de)光波(bo)。至于(yu)“频振(zhen)式杀(sha)(sha)(sha)虫(chong)(chong)(chong)灯”的(de)(de)运(yun)用于(yu)“性信息(xi)”原理(li)，完全(quan)是(shi)子虚乌(wu)有！而且，灯光只能诱(you)虫(chong)(chong)(chong)，不能杀(sha)(sha)(sha)灭(mie)(mie)害虫(chong)(chong)(chong)；杀(sha)(sha)(sha)灭(mie)(mie)害虫(chong)(chong)(chong)还须配套(tao)其(qi)它杀(sha)(sha)(sha)虫(chong)(chong)(chong)部件。

2、灯光(guang)诱虫(chong)的效果(guo)

不(bu)(bu)(bu)同种(zhong)类的(de)昆虫(chong)对(dui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同波(bo)段光(guang)谱(pu)的(de)敏感(gan)性不(bu)(bu)(bu)同，如绿(lv)光(guang)对(dui)金(jin)黾子，黄光(guang)对(dui)蚜(ya)虫(chong)有较强的(de)诱集力，波(bo)长(zhang)(zhang)400～680nm的(de)人类可见(jian)光(guang)包括了各(ge)种(zhong)色光(guang)；波(bo)长(zhang)(zhang)320～400nm人类看不(bu)(bu)(bu)见(jian)的(de)长(zhang)(zhang)波(bo)紫(zi)外(wai)(wai)光(guang)对(dui)数(shu)百种(zhong)害(hai)虫(chong)有较强的(de)诱集力。在长(zhang)(zhang)波(bo)紫(zi)外(wai)(wai)光(guang)和可见(jian)光(guang)的(de)光(guang)谱(pu)范围内，光(guang)谱(pu)范围越(yue)宽(kuan)，诱虫(chong)种(zhong)类越(yue)多。

我们把波长(zhang)320～680nm覆盖长(zhang)波紫外光和可见光的(de)(de)(de)(de)光谱(pu)范围的(de)(de)(de)(de)光源(yuan)称为(wei)宽(kuan)(kuan)谱(pu)诱虫(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)光源(yuan)。宽(kuan)(kuan)谱(pu)诱虫(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)光源(yuan)诱杀(sha)害虫(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)种(zhong)类(lei)(lei)多(duo)，效(xiao)(xiao)果好，数量大。宽(kuan)(kuan)谱(pu)诱虫(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)光源(yuan)对于(yu)鳞翅目(mu)(mu)(mu)类(lei)(lei)各(ge)种(zhong)成(cheng)虫(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)有(you)特(te)效(xiao)(xiao)，如菜蛾(e)、棉铃虫(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、地老虎、食(shi)心虫(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、蒂蛀虫(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、吸果叶蛾(e)、美国白蛾(e)等等。有(you)显著诱集(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)果的(de)(de)(de)(de)其他主要害虫(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)包括：鞘翅目(mu)(mu)(mu)类(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)金龟子、天(tian)牛、步甲、跳甲、象鼻虫(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)等；双翅目(mu)(mu)(mu)类(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蚊(wen)子、蝇、蠓、虻等；同翅目(mu)(mu)(mu)类(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)飞虱、叶蝉(chan)等；直(zhi)翅目(mu)(mu)(mu)类(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蝼蛄等。据各(ge)种(zhong)环境中的(de)(de)(de)(de)不完(wan)全统(tong)计，诱杀(sha)害虫(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)超过一千五(wu)百(bai)种(zhong)，宽(kuan)(kuan)谱(pu)诱虫(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)灯(deng)对于(yu)常见的(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)类(lei)(lei)害虫(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)绝大部分都有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)。

3、灯光诱虫(chong)的有效范围

灯(deng)光(guang)(guang)诱(you)虫(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效范围(wei)(wei)(wei)就是以(yi)害虫(chong)(chong)可(ke)看见诱(you)虫(chong)(chong)光(guang)(guang)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)距离为半(ban)径所作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圆，一(yi)般距离大约80～100m，有(you)效面积大约2～3hm（30～45亩(mu)）；各种害虫(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)视力有(you)差异，为了保(bao)证(zheng)杀(sha)虫(chong)(chong)灯(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用效果，一(yi)般都把杀(sha)虫(chong)(chong)灯(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效范围(wei)(wei)(wei)确定为1.5～2hm（20～30亩(mu)）。灯(deng)光(guang)(guang)诱(you)虫(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效范围(wei)(wei)(wei)还和(he)诱(you)虫(chong)(chong)光(guang)(guang)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)种类和(he)功(gong)率相关。节(jie)能灯(deng)光(guang)(guang)效率高(gao)(gao)(gao)，较(jiao)(jiao)低(di)(di)功(gong)率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)节(jie)能宽(kuan)谱诱(you)虫(chong)(chong)灯(deng)也能超(chao)过较(jiao)(jiao)大功(gong)率白炽灯(deng)和(he)普通荧光(guang)(guang)灯(deng)、紫外灯(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效范围(wei)(wei)(wei)。灯(deng)光(guang)(guang)诱(you)虫(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效范围(wei)(wei)(wei)也和(he)杀(sha)虫(chong)(chong)灯(deng)安(an)置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)有(you)关，俗(su)话说：“高(gao)(gao)(gao)灯(deng)远照”，在(zai)害虫(chong)(chong)可(ke)看见杀(sha)虫(chong)(chong)灯(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)距离范围(wei)(wei)(wei)内，杀(sha)虫(chong)(chong)灯(deng)安(an)装的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置较(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)，有(you)效范围(wei)(wei)(wei)也较(jiao)(jiao)大；但安(an)装位(wei)置太(tai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)，不(bu)便(bian)于操作(zuo)；以(yi)养殖为主使用杀(sha)虫(chong)(chong)灯(deng)，可(ke)以(yi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)灯(deng)和(he)低(di)(di)灯(deng)配套，高(gao)(gao)(gao)灯(deng)扩大诱(you)集(ji)范围(wei)(wei)(wei)，低(di)(di)灯(deng)方便(bian)喂(wei)养动物。

4、灯光(guang)诱虫(chong)的病虫(chong)种类(lei)

杀(sha)虫(chong)灯采用(yong)了(le)现代的(de)光、电、数控技术与生物信息技术等，能够诱(you)杀(sha)多(duo)种病(bing)害(hai)虫(chong)。如托普仪器(qi)的(de)TPSC-I型频振式杀(sha)虫(chong)灯能够诱(you)杀(sha)的(de)害(hai)虫(chong)主要有鳞翅(chi)目(mu)、鞘(qiao)翅(chi)目(mu)等7个目(mu)20多(duo)科(ke)40多(duo)种害(hai)虫(chong)。主要害(hai)虫(chong)有斜纹(wen)(wen)夜(ye)蛾(e)、甜菜夜(ye)蛾(e)、银纹(wen)(wen)夜(ye)蛾(e)、地(di)老虎(hu)、金龟甲、蟋蟀、蝗虫(chong)、蝼(lou)蛄、烟青虫(chong)、玉米螟(ming)等等。其中以鳞翅(chi)目(mu)害(hai)虫(chong)为主，约(yue)占(zhan)总数量的(de)85%-90%。

5、灯光(guang)诱虫的(de)发展

采用灯(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)光(guang)诱虫(chong)由来(lai)已久。从上(shang)世纪60年(nian)代开始(shi)，就有(you)应用紫(zi)(zi)外灯(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)（黑(hei)(hei)光(guang)灯(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)）诱杀大豆、高粱、谷子等的(de)害(hai)(hai)虫(chong)的(de)研(yan)究报(bao)(bao)导，70年(nian)代中国(guo)农村在(zai)集体所有(you)制条件下，种植业就开始(shi)推(tui)(tui)广(guang)使(shi)用煤(mei)油灯(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)诱虫(chong)，有(you)交流(liu)电源条件的(de)地方，也有(you)用白炽灯(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、普通荧光(guang)灯(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)或(huo)紫(zi)(zi)外灯(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)诱虫(chong)，后来(lai)又有(you)高压(ya)汞灯(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、双波灯(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、频(pin)振(zhen)灯(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、节(jie)能(neng)(neng)灯(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、节(jie)能(neng)(neng)宽谱诱虫(chong)灯(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、LED灯(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)诱杀害(hai)(hai)虫(chong)的(de)研(yan)究与应用。各病(bing)虫(chong)测报(bao)(bao)站一直使(shi)用灯(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)光(guang)诱虫(chong)技(ji)术进行虫(chong)情预报(bao)(bao)；现在(zai)，不少(shao)林(lin)场已开始(shi)推(tui)(tui)广(guang)杀虫(chong)灯(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)防(fang)治林(lin)业病(bing)虫(chong)害(hai)(hai)，不少(shao)有(you)机(ji)产品生产基地采用灯(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)光(guang)诱虫(chong)防(fang)治病(bing)虫(chong)害(hai)(hai)，不少(shao)养殖户已开始(shi)使(shi)用灯(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)光(guang)诱虫(chong)，增加高蛋白饲料，喂养鱼类(lei)、禽(qin)类(lei)、蛙类(lei)。灯(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)光(guang)诱虫(chong)有(you)很(hen)多(duo)成功(gong)案(an)例报(bao)(bao)导。

灯光诱虫是替代化学防治病(bing)虫害，实现农产品质量安全的生物保护方法(fa)，也是提(ti)高资源利(li)用(yong)率(lv)，提(ti)高综合效益的动物高蛋白(bai)饲(si)料(liao)收集方法(fa)。